dry-rb - dry-validation v1.5

Rules

Rules in contracts are meant to perform domain-specific validation of the data already processed by the contract's schema. This way, you can define rules that can focus purely on their validation logic without having to worry about type-related details.

When you apply a contract, it will process the input data using its schema, and then apply its rules one-by-one, in the same order as you defined them.

If a rule specifies that it depends on certain keys from the input data, it will be executed only when the schema successfuly processed those keys.

Defining a rule

To define a rule on a contract, use the rule method.

Let's say we want to validate that an event's start date is in the future. We'll define a contract for event data with a start_date key that must be provided as a valid Date object. Then we'll define a rule to check that it's in the future:

class EventContract < Dry::Validation::Contract
  params do
    required(:start_date).value(:date)
  end

  rule(:start_date) do
    key.failure('must be in the future') if value <= Date.today
  end
end

contract = EventContract.new

Notice that if we apply your contract with an input that doesn't include a date under start_date key, the rule will not be executed:

contract.call(start_date: 'oops').errors.to_h
# => {:start_date=>["must be a date"]}

When start_date is a Date, the rule will be executed:

contract.call(start_date: Date.today - 1).errors.to_h
# => {:start_date=>["must be in the future"]}

Depending on more than one key

In our previous example, we defined a simple rule that depends on a single key. To depend on more than one key, we can specify a list of keys. Let's extend the previous example and change our rule to validate that an end_date should be after the start_date:

class EventContract < Dry::Validation::Contract
  params do
    required(:start_date).value(:date)
    required(:end_date).value(:date)
  end

  rule(:end_date, :start_date) do
    key.failure('must be after start date') if values[:end_date] < values[:start_date]
  end
end

contract = EventContract.new

contract.call(start_date: Date.today, end_date: Date.today - 1).errors.to_h
# => {:end_date=>["must be after start date"]}

Key path syntax

You can define key dependencies for rules using a key path syntax. Here's a list of supported key paths:

Using a hash: rule(address: :city) do ...
The same, but using dot notation: rule("address.city") do ...
Specifying multiple nested keys using a hash: rule(address: [:city, :street]) do ...

Key failures

The only responsibility of a rule is to set a failure message when the validation didn't pass. In the previous examples, we used key.failure to manually set messages. Use this if you want to set a failure message that should be accessible under a specific key.

When you use key.failure without any specific key arguments, it uses the first key specified with the rule:

rule(:start_date) do
  key.failure('oops')
  # ^ is the equivalent of
  key(:start_date).failure('oops')
end

You do not have to use keys matching those specified with the rule. For example, this is perfectly fine:

rule(:start_date) do
  key(:event_errors).failure('oops')
end

Base failures

Unlike key failures, base failures are not associated with a specific key, instead they are associated with the whole input. To set a base failure, use the base method, which has the same API as key. For example:

class EventContract < Dry::Validation::Contract
  option :today, default: Date.method(:today)

  params do
    required(:start_date).value(:date)
    required(:end_date).value(:date)
  end

  rule do
    if today.saturday? || today.sunday?
      base.failure('creating events is allowed only on weekdays')
    end
  end
end

contract = EventContract.new

Now when you try to apply this contract during a weekend, you'll get a base error:

contract.call(start_date: Date.today+1, end_date: Date.today+2).errors.to_h
# => {nil=>["creating events is allowed only on weekdays"]}

Notice that the hash representation of errors includes a nil key to indicate the base errors. There's also a specific API for finding all base errors, if you prefer that:

contract.call(start_date: Date.today+1, end_date: Date.today+2).errors.filter(:base?).map(&:to_s)
# => ["creating events is allowed only on weekdays"]

Curious about that option method that we used to set today value? You can learn about it in the external dependencies section.

Reading rule values

For convenience, you can use value method to easily access the value under rule's default key. This works with all key specifications, including nested keys, and specifying a path to multiple values.

rule(:start_date) do
  value
  # returns values[:start_date]
end

rule(date: :start) do
  value
  # returns values[:date][:start]
end

rule(dates: [:start, :stop]) do
  value
  # returns an array: [values[:dates][:start], values[:dates][:stop]]
end

Checking if the value is present

When you're not sure if the value is actually available, you can use key? method. It returns true when a value under rule's key is present, false otherwise.

A common use case is when your rules depend on optional keys, here's an example:

class NewUserContract < Dry::Validation::Contract
  params do
    required(:email).value(:string)
    optional(:login).value(:string)
    optional(:password).value(:string)
  end

  rule(:password) do
    key.failure('password is required') if key? && values[:login] && value.length < 12
  end
end

contract = NewUserContract.new

contract.call(email: 'jane@doe.org', login: 'jane', password: "").errors.to_h
# => {:password=>["password is required"]}

The key? method supports passing an explicit key name for rules that have multiple keys.

class DistanceContract < Dry::Validation::Contract
  schema do
    optional(:kilometers).value(:integer)
    optional(:miles).value(:integer)
  end

  rule(:kilometers, :miles) do
    if key?(:kilometers) && key?(:miles)
      base.failure("must only contain one of: kilometers, miles")
    end
  end
end

Checking for previous errors

Sometimes you may be interested in adding an error when some other error has happened.

With #schema_error?(key) you can check whether the schema has an error for a given key:

class PersonContract < Dry::Validation::Contract
  schema do
    required(:email).filled(:string)
    required(:name).filled(:string)
  end

  rule(:name) do
    key.failure('first introduce a valid email') if schema_error?(:email)
  end
end

PersonContract.new.(email: nil, name: 'foo').errors.to_h
# { email: ['must be a string'], name: ['first introduce a valid email'] }

In complex rules you may be interested to know whether the current rule already had an error. For that, you can use #rule_error?

class FooContract < Dry::Validation::Contract
  schema do
    required(:foo).filled(:string)
  end

  rule(:foo) do
    key.failure('failure added')
    key.failure('failure added after checking') if rule_error?
  end
end

FooContract.new.(foo: 'foo').errors.to_h
# { foo: ['failure added', 'failure added after checking'] }

Defining a rule for each element of an array

To check each element of an array you can simply use Rule#each shortcut. It works just like a normal rule, which means it's only applied when a value passed schema checks and supports setting failure messages in the standard way.

Here's a simple example:

class NewUserContract < Dry::Validation::Contract
  params do
    required(:email).value(:string)
    optional(:phone_numbers).array(:string)
  end

  rule(:phone_numbers).each do
    key.failure('is not valid') unless value.start_with?('00-')
  end
end

contract = NewUserContract.new

contract.call(email: 'jane@doe.org', phone_numbers: nil).errors.to_h
# => {:phone_numbers=>["must be an array"]}

contract.call(email: 'jane@doe.org', phone_numbers: ['00-123-456-789', nil]).errors.to_h
# => {:phone_numbers=>{1=>["must be a string"]}}

contract.call(email: 'jane@doe.org', phone_numbers: ['00-123-456-789', '987-654-321']).errors.to_h
# => {:phone_numbers=>{1=>["is not valid"]}}

When using Rule#each you have access to the index of each member, it is useful if you want to change the key of the returned errors, here's an example:

class PropsContract < Dry::Validation::Contract
  params do
    required(:contacts).value(:array, min_size?: 1).each do
      hash do
        required(:name).filled(:string)
        required(:email).filled(:string)
        required(:phone).filled(:string)
      end
    end
  end

  rule(:contacts).each do |index:|
    key([:contacts, :email, index]).failure('email not valid') unless value[:email].include?('@')
  end
end

contract = PropsContract.new

contract.call(
  contacts: [
    { name: 'Jane', email: 'jane@doe.org', phone: '123' },
    { name: 'John', email: 'oops', phone: '123' }
  ]
).errors.to_h
# => {:contacts=>{:email=>{1=>["email not valid"]}}}

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dry-validation 1.5